Head and neck cancers are a group of malignancies that develop in the oral cavity, throat, larynx, sinuses, and salivary glands. These cancers account for about 4% of all cancers globally. Common symptoms include persistent sore throat, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, ear pain, and lumps in the neck. Risk factors include tobacco use (smoking and chewing), excessive alcohol consumption, HPV infection, and poor oral hygiene. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough physical exam, imaging tests like CT or MRI scans, biopsies, and endoscopies.
Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage, location, and type. Early-stage cancers may be treated with surgery or radiation alone, while advanced cases often require a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Targeted therapies, such as cetuximab, and immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab, are also being used to treat specific types of head and neck cancers. Rehabilitation, including speech therapy and nutritional support, is often necessary after treatment. Early detection is critical for better outcomes, so consult a specialist if you experience persistent symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and maintaining good oral hygiene, can significantly reduce risks.
